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實 證 研 究
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軍隊士氣之研究與測量工具之發展
Military Morale : An Exploration of its Essence
and the Development of a Morale Scale
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顏志龍
輔仁大學應用心理研究所
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Jyh-Long
Yan / Department of Applied Psychology Fu-Jen
Catholic University
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本研究的目的，在探討士氣之本質，並發展一可用以測量軍隊士氣之量表。經由焦點團體訪談及一般性訪談後，研究者認為士氣為一種「潛伏」的精神力量，此潛伏力量的本質為一種「團體成員間的關係」；而此潛伏力量則是經由「組織目標」引發而成為組織成員情緒喚起的外顯狀態。此外，研究者根據文獻及訪談結果編擬士氣量表，並以實徵研究方法驗證其信度及效度。結果顯示此量表的內部一致性信度介於.95~.97之間，量表與效標題之相關性（r=.53~.94），亦頗符合研究者之預期。此量表在因素結構上為單一因素，且此單一因素結構經交叉驗證，顯示具有相當的穩定性與一致性。研究者最後亦根據研究結果，提出軍隊士氣的假設性模式。
關鍵詞︰士氣、軍隊士氣、士氣量表
作者簡介︰
顏志龍
輔仁大學應用心理研究所碩士 / 現役軍人
通訊處：（270）宜縣蘇澳鎮聖湖路7巷24號2樓
電話：（03）9973728 |
The purpose of this thesis is to explore the essence
of military morale and to develop a scale to measure
military morale. According to the empirical data
from focused group interview and general interview,
the author attributes morale as a potential spirit.
The essence of the potential spirit is a special
type of relationship among group members. The potential
spirit can be evolved when the goal of organization
becomes obvious. With the results of past morale
studies and empirical interviews of this study,
the author also developed a morale scale. Two groups
of subjects (formal administration & cross validation;
N=311, 373 ; separately) were asked to complete
this scale. The empirical data show that the scale
is impressive in terms of its internal-consistency
reliability and criterion-related validity. After
factor analysis, it shows that this scale is a single
factor structure. The cross-validation examination
shows that the single factor structure of the scale
is reliable and consistent. Finally, the author
proposes a hypothetical model of military morale
in terms of the result of this research.
Keywords: morale, military morale, morale
scale |
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母親信念、教養目標與教養行為（一）：
內涵意義之探討
Mothers' Beliefs, Goals and Child-rearing Behaviors(I)︰
An Analysis of the Themes
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林惠雅
東吳大學心理系
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Huey-Ya
Lin / Department of Psychology Soochow University
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國外親子關係的研究在1970年代由父母教養行為層面進而對父母信念或認知層面的探討，並藉此更深入解釋父母教養型態及其對兒童發展的影響。國內相關研究相當缺乏，為了探討母親信念、教養目標和教養行為的內涵與關係，研究者進行了二個子研究。第一個子研究之主要目的是探討母親信念、教養目標、教養行為的內涵。第二個子研究之主要目的是探討母親信念、教養目標、教養行為的關係。本研究為第一個子研究，主要是訪談120位國小低、高年級學童的母親，並整理分析訪談內容以瞭解母親信念、教養目標、教養行為的內涵。結果顯示受訪母親在信念上有7個主題--被動依賴、先天因素、能力傾向、接觸和經驗累積、正負向回饋、觀察學習、與主動探索自由學習。教養目標有6個主題--基本道德人格培養、人際關係、成就競爭、平安順從、獨立自表、與適性發展、身心健康和快樂。教養行為則有8個主題--耳提面命、練習嚐試、獎賞鼓勵、處罰、說理誘導、身教示範、鼓勵獨立自主、與提供服務。
關鍵字：母親信念、教養目標、教養行為、教養策略、親子關係
作者簡介：
林惠雅
美國加州大學Santa Barbara分校哲學博士（發展心理學）/ 東吳大學心理系副教授
通訊處︰（111）台北市士林區臨溪路70號 東吳大學心理系
電話︰（02）28819471轉6918
傳真︰（02）28810379
E-mail︰huey@mail.scu.edu.tw |
In order to investigate relationships among mothers'
beliefs, goals and child-rearing behaviors, two
studies have been carried out. The first study is
to explore the themes of mothers' beliefs, goals
and child-rearing behaviors. The second study is
to develop questionnaires and then to examine relationships
among mothers' beliefs, goals and behaviors. The
present study is the first study in which 120 mothers
of elementary school students are interviewed. Based
on the results of these personal interviews, themes
of mothers' beliefs, goals and behaviors are developed.
The themes of mothers' beliefs are dependence, innate
factors, abilities tendency, contact and accumulation,
positive and negative feedback, observational learning,
and active learning. The themes of mothers' goals
are morality and personality, interpersonal relationships,
achievement and competition, contention and conformity,
independence and self-expression, and positive development.
The themes of mothers' behaviors are daily instruction,
requirement of practices, positive incentive, punishment,
induction, modeling, encouragement of autonomy,
and providing services.
Keywords:mothers' beliefs, mothers' goals,
child-rearing behaviors, parenting strategies, and
mother-child relationship |
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教學觀點量表之發展與試題反應分析
Development and Item Response Analysis of the
Teaching Perspectives Inventory
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王文中
中正大學心理系
陳雪珠 吳鳳工商專校應用外語科
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Y
Wen-Chung Wang / National Chung Cheng University
Hsueh-Chu Chen / Wu Feng College of Technology
and Commerce
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在本研究裡，我們發展了教學觀點量表，以供探討教師的職前教育與實習經驗對教學觀點的影響。該量表共包含五種教學情境的22道試題：班級經營、教師角色、學生差異性、知識與課程、教學實務。經過預試後，我們抽樣施測了773位大學生和國中教師，並以試題反應理論探討了本量表的向度性、差異試題功能、試題難度分佈與受試者能力的吻合度、團體差異等議題。結果發現此量表在測量「對教學議題觀點的進步性」，屬於單向度的測驗。在22道試題中，有五題有著中度的差異試題功能。若以這22題為參照標準，大多數的受試者的觀點的確稱得上進步（progressive）。不過站在有效區分受試者進步程度的立場上，顯然這22題的難度太低，以致未能有效區分受試者的差異。受試者對「理念」或是有「標準答案」的議題都較採進步的看法。但對較為具體的教學議題就比較採取傳統（保守）的觀點，在團體差異方面，優良教師和一般教師並無差異，學程學生和一般學生也無差異，但學生則顯著的比教師更進步，這也許顯現出大學生的樂觀，或是教師們的務實。本文所提出的方法與所探討的現象，都是心理測驗上所必須面對的議題，因此可以當作心理測驗的發展與分析的參考。
關鍵詞︰Rasch模式、試題反應分析、教學觀點、測驗發展
作者簡介︰
王文中
加州大學柏克萊分校哲學博士 / 中正大學心理系副教授
通訊處：（621）嘉義縣民雄鄉三興村160號 中正大學心理系
電話（05）27204115轉6430 傳真（05）2720857
E-mail：psywcw@ccunix.ccu.edu.tw
陳雪珠
加州大學戴維斯分析應用語言學碩士 / 吳鳳工商專校應用外語科講師
通訊處：嘉義縣民雄鄉建國路2段117號
電話：（05）2267125轉2616
E-mail：hcchen@sun5.wfc.edu.tw |
In this study, we develop an inventory of teaching
perspectives, which can be used to investigate effects
of preservice education and practical training on
teaching perspectives. There are five domains in
the inventory: classroom management, teacher roles,
student diversity, knowledge and curriculum, and
instructional affairs. After pretest, we administered
the inventory to 773 college students and secondary
school teachers. We apply item response theory to
analyze dimensionality, differential item functioning,
distribution of ability and item difficulty, and
group differences. The results show that the inventory
is unidimensional and is measuring "progressiveness
of teaching perspectives." Of the 22 items, five
exhibit moderate effects of differential item functioning.
If these 22 items are to be treated as criteria,
most subjects' perspectives are quite progressive.
However, these items are too easy to well differentiate
individual differences. The subjects are more progressive
in "conceptual" issues than in "practical" issues.
There are no group differences in progressiveness
between the awarded teachers and general teachers.
Likewise, there are no differences between the students
of education program and general students. However,
the students are more progressive than the teachers.
It may be because the students are more optimistic,
or the teachers are more practical. Since the issues
examined are common to psychological tests, this
study can offer some suggestions to test development
and analysis.
Keywords:Rasch model, item response analysis,
teaching perspectives, test development |
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母親信念、教養目標與教養行為（二）：
問卷編製與相關分析
Mothers' Beliefs, Goals and Child-rearing Behaviors
(II) ︰Questionnaire Construction and Correlation
Analysis
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林惠雅
東吳大學心理系
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Huey-Ya
Lin / Department of Psychology Soochow University
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為了探討母親信念、教養目標和教養行為的內涵與關係，研究者進行了二個子研究。本研究為第二個子研究，主要是依據在第一個子研究中所發展的內涵主題擬定初步類別，經與5位學者專家及10位母親的討論後，修訂初步類別並編擬初步問卷。而後再以199位國小低、高年級學童的母親為對象，初步問卷為工具進行預試，因素分析結果顯示母親信念有自我能力與經驗2個因素；母親教養目標有品德人際、成就、正向發展和獨立3個因素；母親教養行為亦有修正不當行為和討論、服務示範和練習、鼓勵良好行為和自主3個因素。
正式問卷以469位母親為對象，探討母親信念、教養目標、以及教養行為各因素之間的關係。以較高的相關係數數值分析，結果發現下列二種相關取向：（1）母親愈具有自我能力信念，其教養目標愈偏重品德人際、正向發展和獨立，而其教養行為則愈會使用修正不當行為和討論、服務示範和練習的方法。（2）母親愈具有經驗信念，其教養目標則愈注重品德人際、成就，其教養行為則愈會使用鼓勵良好行為和自主的方法。
關鍵詞︰母親信念、教養目標、教養行為、教養策略、親子關係
作者簡介︰
林惠雅
美國加州大學Santa Barbara分校哲學博士（發展心理學） / 東吳大學心理系副教授
通訊處︰（111）台北市士林區臨溪路70號 東吳大學心理系
電話（02）28819471轉6918 傳真（02）28810379
E-mail︰t0b1460@mbm1.scu.edu.tw |
In order to investigate relationships among mothers'
beliefs, goals and child-rearing behaviors, two
studies have been carried out. The first study is
to explore the themes of mothers' beliefs, goals
and child-rearing behaviors. The second study is
to develop questionnaires and then to investigate
relationships among mothers' beliefs, goals and
behaviors. The present study is the second study
in which theoretical categories are derived from
the themes of mothers' beliefs, goals and behaviors.
Then, the researcher discussed with 5 experts and
10 mothers about theoretical categories. Through
these discussions, theoretical categories are verified
and further defined, and items of preliminary questionnaires
regarding mothers' beliefs, goals and behaviors
are developed. One hundred and ninety-nine subjects
are surveyed using the preliminary questionnaires,
and the data is analyzed. By means of factor analysis,
factors are defined respectively regarding mothers'
beliefs, goals, and behaviors. Factors of mothers'
beliefs are cognitive abilities, and experiences.
Factors of mothers' goals are moral characters and
interpersonal relationships, achievements, as well
as positive development and independence. Factors
of mothers' behaviors are modification of misconduct
and discussion, protection, modeling and practicing,
as well as encouragement of desired behaviors and
autonomy. Therefore the final versions of questionnaires
of mothers' beliefs, goals and behaviors are modified
on the basis of the above factors and items.
Four hundred and sixty-nine mothers are selected
to answer the final versions of questionnaires.
The findings suggest that, on the one hand, there
are higher correlation coefficients among belief
of cognitive abilities, goal of moral characters
and interpersonal relationships, goal of positive
development and independence, and behavior of modification
of misconduct, behavior of protection, modeling
and practicing. On the other hand, there are higher
correlation coefficients among belief of experiences,
goal of moral character and interpersonal relationships,
goal of achievements, as well as behavior of encouragement
of desired behaviors and autonomy.
Keywords: mothers' beliefs, mothers' goals,
child-rearing behaviors, parenting strategies, and
mother-child relationship |
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推薦甄選實施成效的追蹤調查︰1994-1999
A Follow-up Research on the Selection Procedure
of "Recommendation and Screening"
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姚霞玲
大學入學考試中心
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Hsia-Lin
Yao / College Entrance Examination Center
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推薦甄選入學自1994年實施以來，參與推甄管道的大學校系與高中逐年成長。為檢視其實施成效，本研究採推甄生與非推甄生大學在校成績比較以及問卷調查，瞭解大學、高中、及學生對推甄管道的看法，以及推甄生與非推甄生在特質上的差異。研究結果顯示：（1）推甄生在大學的成績略優於非推甄生，（2）無論高中、大學或學生均認為推甄會使學生更提早認識大學科系、提早作生涯規畫，同時在選擇校系時會考量自己的興趣、性向與專長等，（3）推甄生比非推甄生較注重興趣、較有明確且長遠的計畫，且較自信肯定，（4）非推甄生比推甄生較在意成績且行事略為獨斷。（5）人格特質方面，則二者無明顯差異。
關鍵詞︰推薦甄選、成績追蹤調查、推甄成效、推甄生特質
作者簡介︰
姚霞玲
筑波大學教育研究所碩士 / 大學入學考試中心研究員
通訊處：（106）台北市舟山路237號 大學入學考試中心研發處
電話：（02）23661416轉116 傳真：23691474 |
"Recommendation and Screening" (R & S) is a new
procedure for admitting students to enter college
in Taiwan. In R & S, students who meet the requirements
set by the department they wish to study in are
recommended by their high school. The candidates
first need to take a Scholastic Achievement Test
held by the College Entrance Examination Center
(CEEC). If the test results are satisfactory, they
undergo another process known as the second stage
screening held by each department. Students who
are admitted by this procedure cannot transfer to
other departments without a special review.
After the implementation of R&S, studies were conducted
to evaluate the procedure. Results show that: (1)The
academic performance of R & S students is better
than the average performance of the students studying
in the same department. (2) Colleges/universities,
high schools, and students all agree that the procedure
of admitting students via R & S allows students
to get acquainted with university departments while
in high school. Students take their interests, aptitudes,
and talents into consideration when choosing departments.
(3) R & S students pay more attention to personal
interests, they have more definite long-term goals,
and show more signs of confidence. (4) Non R & S
students pay more attention to their academic records
and act more arbitrarily. (5)There is no obvious
difference in personality traits between R & S and
non R & S students.
Keywords: Recommendation and Screening (R
& S), academic records, selection effectiveness,
characteristics of college students |
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《一般能力性向成套測驗》編製研究
A Study on the Development of Chinese General
Aptitude Test Battery
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蘇永華
華東師範大學心理系
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Su
Yong-Hua / Department of Psychology Central China
Normal University
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為了實現測驗的本土化，編製出適合中國文化背景的測驗量表，我們開展了此項研究，編製了《一般能力性向成套測驗》，它包括語言能力、數學計算、邏輯推理、圖表理解、機械推理、空間關係和符號判別7個測驗。測驗項目的區分度和難度分析結果比較理想，重測信度在.82至.91之間,測驗內部一致性係數α在.54至.95之間。通過績效考核、評定以及受試者自評方法所收集的效度證據表明本套測驗有較好的效度。此測驗已經完全實現了計算化測試。
關鍵詞︰一般能力性向測驗，心理測量，信度，效度
作者簡介︰
蘇永華
華東師範大學心理系博士生
通訊處︰（200062）上海市中山北路3663號 華東師範大學心理系
電話︰（021）62226911
E-mail︰suyhua@online.sh.cn |
The Chinese General Aptitude Test Battery that we
have developed includes 7 tests, i.e., verbal comprehension
and usage, numerical operation, logic reasoning,
comprehension of statistic materials, mechanical
reasoning, spatial relation, perceptual speed and
accuracy. The analysis shows that most items are
feasible. The test-retest reliabilities range from
.82 to .91, and the alpha coefficients are all above
.54. In the research, three methods are used to
test the criterion-related validity, and the results
show they are all valid. The test is a fully realization
of computerized test.
Keywords: Chinese General Aptitude Test Battery,
psychological test, reliability, validity |
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工作動機的內生性與外生性︰
台灣與美國大學生動機內涵之計量研究
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Motivation： An Quantitative
Study of Motivational Orientations for Taiwanese
and American Undergraduates
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邱皓政
世新大學社會心理系
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Haw-Jeng
Chiou / Department of Social Psychology Shih-Hsin
University
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本研究的主要目的在探討個體的工作動機內涵是否可以區分為內生性（intrinsic）與外生性（extrinsic）兩種不同的動機取向（Amabile，1983），並進一步從測量的觀點，探討不同文化之受測樣本在工作動機取向上反應的異同。本研究對兩組樣本施以同一組動機強度的測量，再利用統計的結構方程模型（structural
equation modeling）比較技術，進行一系列的參數估計與比較。研究樣本包含台灣與美國大學生兩部分：台灣受測者的有效樣本為414人；美國樣本為1363名大學生。經翻譯後的中文版工作動機量表，因素分析與各項統計檢驗支持了動機取向二個主要因子與四個次階因素的概念模式，因素的內部相關則指出內生性與外生性兩種動機是直交構念，亦符合理論上的概念。本研究進一步求取各項動機分數與相關概念之間的相關，發現各種動機內涵均與適當的概念具有顯著相關，提供了工作動機測量構念效度的證據。最後，本研究討論了有關動機測量的本質與文化差異的議題。
關鍵詞︰工作動機、內生動機、外生動機、結構方程模型
作者簡介︰
邱皓政
美國南加州大學諮商與教育心理學組測驗統計學博士 / 世新大學社會心理系副教授
通訊處︰（116）北市木柵路一段17巷1號 世新大學社會心理系
電話︰（02）22364521 傳真︰（02）22367710
E-mail︰hawjeng@cc.shu.edu.tw |
The purpose of this study is to examine the intrinsic
and extrinsic natures of work motivation (Amabile,
1983). Based on the viewpoint of measurement, this
study administered a work motivation questionnaire
(WPI, Working Preference Inventory; Amabile, Hill,
Hennessey, & Tighe, 1994) into two cultural samples
for inquiring the structure of questionnaire and
examining the subjects' responses on test items.
Statistically, the paradigm of Structural Equation
Modeling (SEM) was applied the quantitative procedures
of parameter estimations and model comparisons.
Samples consisted of 414 Taiwanese undergraduates
and 1363 American undergraduates. The WPI was translated
into Chinese. The results supported a two-first-order-factor
and a four-second-order-factor model on the Chinese
WPI. The two main factors of work motivation, intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation, were orthogonal, which
was correspondent with theoretical conceptualization.
Furthermore, a series of significant correlation
coefficients between the scores of the Chinese WPI
factors and the other related constructs suggested
the concurrent validity of Chinese WPI. Finally,
issues regarding measurement and cultural differences
were also discussed.
Keywords: work motivation, intrinsic motivation,
extrinsic motivation, quantitative comparison, structural
equation modeling |
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流行歌曲歌迷偶像崇拜的心態與行為初探
An Exploratory Study of Attitudes and Behaviors
of Idolatry among Fans of Popular Songs
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朱龍祥
陸洛 / 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所
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Lung-Shiang
Ju , Luo Lu / Graduate Institute of Behavioral
Sciences Kaohsiung Medical University
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本研究以流行歌曲的歌迷為對象，以深入訪談探討商業團體或媒體創造偶像後，歌迷崇拜的心態與行為，並從歌迷的角度來了解崇拜偶像對他們的意義，以認同理論、人際吸引理論與文化批判理論做概念的類比與引導，分析對17位16到28歲歌迷進行訪談所得的資料。結果顯示：歌迷會反感媒體報導的所謂「偶像崇拜」的瘋狂表現，但卻有自己對偶像崇拜的方式與看法；偶像吸引歌迷的因素有歌手本身的條件與媒體宣傳技巧；歌迷崇拜行為會表現為投偶像所好、將偶像功能化、深入了解偶像、排他與分享、內團體偏私、平等互動、儀式化、形塑偶像、替代式的擁有等，這些因素與認同、人際吸引的心路歷程頗為類似；偶像對歌迷生活的影響則包括對個人外在生活的意義：型塑理想的異性條件、形象塑造、學習目標、融入生活等；以及個人內在滿足的意義：包括心理滿足、情緒享受、保有過去等，這顯示消費者的行為有其目的，是為了主動滿足其內、外在的需求。「偶像崇拜」是有多重內涵的，從而打破了媒體所塑造的單一形式與一般大眾的刻板印象。本研究的探討希望能賦予「偶像崇拜」一個嶄新且多元的詮釋。
關鍵詞︰流行歌曲歌迷、偶像崇拜、行為、心態
作者簡介︰
朱龍祥
高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士 / 高雄醫學大學附設醫院兒童牙科研究助理
陸 洛 （本文通訊作者）
英國牛津大學心理學博士 / 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所副教授
通訊處：（807）高雄市十全一路100號 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所
電話：（07）3121101轉2273 傳真：（07）3223445
E-mail：luolu@cc.kmc.edu.tw |
The main purpose of this study was to explore the
meanings, attitudes and behaviors of idolatry among
fans of popular songs, against the background of
idol creation mounted by commercial organizations
and the media. This paper was based on materials
obtained through in-depth interviews with 17 fans.
Identity theories, interpersonal attraction theories
and cultural critical theories were adopted as theoretical
frameworks. Results showed that the fans felt uncomfortable
about the excessive expressions of "idolatry" reported
in the media, rather, they had their own ways and
opinions. The main attractions for fans were singers'
musical and media skills. The behaviors of idolatry
included acting to please the idols, compartmentalization
of the functions of idols, defending one's own idols,
treating idols as equal, riualization, shaping idols,
and idol substitution. Those elements were similar
to the processes of identification and interpersonal
attraction. The effects of idols manifested in fans'
overt life and internal satisfaction. These findings
of purposive consumption were different from the
concept of "culture industry" asserted by critical
theorists. This study showed that "idolatry" is
a rich concept with multiple substances regarding
fans' attitudes and behaviors. The simplistic media
portrayal and stereotyping of idolatry should be
changed. Idolatry should be given new and justified
meanings in diversity.
Keywords: fans of popular songs, idolatry,
behavior, attitude |
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工作壓力過程模式之驗證︰
台灣基層農業推廣人員之分析
A Replication of Job Stress Process among Agricultural
Extension Agents in Taiwan
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董時叡
中興大學農業推廣教育研究所
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Shih-Jui
Tung / Graduate Institute of Agricultural Extension
Education National Chung-Hsing University
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近年來在研究工作壓力時，常將壓力、因應方式和壓力的後果三個概念間所呈現的關係，做整體性的因果關係考量，而有所謂工作壓力過程模式之產生，不過以往較少引入其他控制變項去探討此一壓力過程模式在不同的因素條件下概念間的關係是否一致。因此本研究引入工作壓力、因應行為和工作倦怠三個概念，一方面經由對於基層農業推廣人員工作壓力過程之研究，以驗證在台灣農業推廣體系中，工作壓力過程之適用性；另一方面嘗試探索在控制工作環境、個人因素（教育程度、年齡、工作年資等）之後，是否壓力過程模式依然存在。以結構方程模式分析的結果，工作壓力過程模式所呈現三個因素間的因果關係是明顯的，而不論在農會、公所，不論推廣員教育程度的高低，不論年齡大小，也不論工作資歷的深淺，這一模式的關係結構都是一樣的，證明了工作壓力過程模式得到複證。
關鍵詞︰工作壓力、因應行為、工作倦怠、工作壓力過程
作者簡介︰
董時叡
美國猶他大學博士（社會學） / 中興大學農業推廣教育研究所教授
通訊處：（402）台中市國光路250號
電話：（04）2850777 傳真：（04）2857907
E-mail：sjtung@dragon.nchu.edu.tw |
The causal relationship among stress, coping behaviors,
and burnout has currently been described as a sequential
process in job stress studies and referred to as
"stress process" in literature. Though this model
is empirically verified in a great many studies,
very limited efforts have been endeavored to reconfirm
it by taking various factors (control variables)
into account. This study tends to explore the existence
of stress process within agricultural extension
agents on one hand, and brings in some environmental
factors and personal factors, such as education
level, age, tenure years as control variables to
test the replication of stress process on the other
hand.
The findings reveals that the stress process composed
of causal relationship among job stress, coping
behaviors, and burnout indeed exists in this population.
A variety of structural equation modeling (SEM)
analyses further substantiate this model by controlling
respondent's organization type, education level,
age, and tenure year respectively.
Keywords: job stress, coping behaviors, burnout,
stress process |
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父母管教態度與國中生
升學考試壓力感受之關係
The Relationship between Parental Rearing Attitudes
and the Perceived Stress of JHSEE among Junior
High School Students
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高淑芳
陸洛 / 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所
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Shu-Fan
Kao , Luo Lu / Graduate Institute of Behavioral
Sciences Kaohsiung Medical University
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本研究的主要目的即在探討子女知覺的父母管教態度對國中生升學考試壓力感受的影響，以立意取樣選取南部某國中三年級的學生為研究對象，總共回收了211份有效問卷。研究結果發現：母親管教態度中的「拒絕」、「期待」、「矛盾」，以及父親管教態度的「拒絕」、「期待」與國中三年級學生的壓力感受皆有顯著的正相關，而父親管教態度的「溺愛」與國中三年級學生的壓力感受有顯著的負相關；以線性結構模式進行路徑分析更顯示：特質焦慮為母親管教態度的「拒絕」以及父親管教態度的「期待」、「分歧」與子女壓力感受之間的中介變項。結果顯示子女知覺的父母負向管教態度，是通過型塑其焦慮人格，進而影響其日後的生活適應，如升學考試的壓力感受。中國傳統文化及變遷社會中各種價值體系的衝擊與融合，對父母管教態度及子女身心適應均有不容忽視之影響。
關鍵詞︰子女知覺的父母管教態度、升學考試壓力感受、特質焦慮
作者簡介︰
高淑芳
高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士（社會與家庭心理學） / 台灣大學心理系博士班
通訊處：（106）台北市羅斯福路四段1號 台灣大學心理系
電話：（02）23630231轉2374轉7220
E-mail：gaogao@kcg.url.com.tw
陸洛
英國牛津大學心理學哲學博士（人格與社會心理學） / 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所副教授
通訊處：（807）高雄市三民區十全一路100號 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所
電話（07）3121101轉2273 傳真（07）3223445
E-mail：luolu@cc.kmu.edu.tw |
The purpose of this study was to understand the
impact of parental rearing attitudes on the perceived
stress of JHSEE (Joint High School Entrance Exam).
Using purposive sampling, subjects were recruited
from one junior high school in Kaohsiung. Two hundreds
and eleven valid questionnaires were used in analyses.
Results showed that the "rejection", "expectation"
and "inconsistency" attitudes in mothers as well
as the "rejection" and "expectation" attitudes in
fathers were positively correlated with the perceived
stress of JHSEE. The "pampering" attitudes in fathers
were negatively correlated with the perceived stress
of JHSEE. Using structural modeling techniques,
trait anxiety was found to mediate the impact of
the "rejection" in mothers, "expectation" and "inconsistency"
in fathers upon JHSEE stress. These results suggested
that various parental rearing attitudes among other
factors, may help to shape children's trait anxiety,
and through which influencing their later adjustment,
such as their perceived stress of JHSEE.
Keywords: parental rearing attitudes, perceived
stress, trait anxiety |
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初階飛訓生之人格特質與其飛行訓練表現之關係
The Relationship between Personality and Flight
Training Performance: A Study of the Beginners
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程千芳、李文進、陳欣進
/
空軍官校心理諮商科
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Chian-Fang
Grace Cherng、Wen-Chin Li、Shi-Chin Chen / Counseling
& Psychological Research Center Chinese Air Force
Academy, ROC.
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作者簡介︰
程千芳
美國Rutgers University博士 / 空軍官校心理諮商科助理教授
通訊處：岡山郵政90277附5號 空軍官校心理諮商科
電話：（07）6270601或（07）6254142轉976086
傳真：（06）2084280
E-mail：anna94@ms5.url.com.tw
李文進
英國University of Hertfordshire 航空心理學碩士 / 空軍官校心理諮商科講師（現任空軍官校飛指部政戰室副主任）
通訊處：岡山郵政 90277 號
電話：（07）6254142轉976317
陳欣進
台灣大學心理學碩士 / 空軍官校心理諮商科研發官（現任台北縣八里療養院臨床心理師）
通訊處：（249）台北縣鄉華富山33號 八里療養院
下載本篇文章
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The current study aims to explore the relationship
between a cadet's personality and his flight performance.
There are two indexes for flight performance in
this study: one is passed or failed at the flight
training courses; the other is a cadet's score for
the flight training courses (i.e., high passed or
low passed). The results show that the passed beginners
have higher scores on "ego strength", "dominance",
"elation", and have lower scores on "warmth", "emotional
sensitivity", and "guilt proneness" in comparison
with the failed candidates on their scores of 16PF.
In addition, comparing the high passed with the
low passed, the results show that the high passed
ones have higher scores on the "persistence", "boldness",
and "bohemianism" than that of the low passed. The
current results suggest that pilot selection should
not only focus on the pass or failure at the flight
training, but also should consider cadets' flight
performances among the passed ones. However, in
the current epoch, it is very difficult to recruit
high potential candidates for air force academy
in Taiwan. In this regard, it is important to combine
psychological tests, counseling, guidance, and education
to enhance cadets' flight performances.
Keywords: pilot personality, flight performance,
16 PF |
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小學教師面對角色知覺差距的情緒感受︰
類型建構與量表編製
The Emotional Reactions of Perceived Role Discrepancy
Among Elementary School Teachers: The Typology
and Scale Development
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郭丁熒
/ 台南師範學院初等教育系
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Ding-Ying
Guo / Department of Elementary Education National
Tainan Teachers' College
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本研究旨在探討小學教師面對角色知覺差距時的情緒感受，兼採文獻探討、半結構晤談、及調查等方法，進行資料蒐集。研究者先透過文獻探討提出教師理想角色與實際角色差距情緒感受的理論類型，並透過半結構晤談來蒐集相關資料，據以編製國民小學教師角色知覺差距因應情緒感受之研究工具，再以台灣地區389位小學教師為對象進行預試，編訂完成「小學教師角色知覺差距情緒感受量表」。本量表共24題，包括「傷害/喪失」、「挑戰」、「沒關係」、及「威脅」四因素，四個因素轉軸前之累積解釋量為74.6%，α係數分別為.96、.87、.65、.95，總層面之α係數則為.95；並經專家審查，顯示本量表之效度、信度頗佳。最後根據研究發現，提出繼續以實證研究作為規劃培訓課程及協助教師表達情緒感受之依據、應用本量表於相關領域之實證研究、嘗試應用現代測驗理論於情緒感受量表的編製、以及建立本量表之常模等建議。
關鍵詞︰小學教師、角色知覺差距、情緒感受量表
作者簡介︰
郭丁熒
高雄師範大學教育學博士 / 台南師範學院初等教育學系教授
通訊處：（700）台南市樹林街二段33號
台南師範學院初等教育系
電話：（06）2130067
傳真︰（06）2130067
E-mail：ying@ipx.ntntc.edu.tw
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This study aimed to explore the emotional reactions
of perceived role discrepancy among elementary school
teachers. Literature review, semi-structured interviews,
and questionnaire survey were used to collect data.
Based on the literature review, a theoretical typology
of teachers' emotional reactions resulting from
perceived discrepancy between ideal and actual role
experiences were proposed. Semi-structured interviews
were then used to collect relevant information to
develop the 24-item "Inventory of Emotional Reactions
of Perceived Role Discrepancy" (IERPRD). This inventory
was administered to 389 elementary school teachers.
Factor analysis revealed 4 factors, including "harm/loss",
"challenge", "dismiss" and "threat", accounting
for 74.6% of total variance. The IERPRD had good
reliability, with Cronbach'sαcoefficients of .96,
.87, .65, .95 for the four subscales and .95 for
the entire scale. Expert validity for the IERPRD
was also ascertained.
Keywords: elementary school teachers, perceived
role discrepancy, the Inventory of Emotional Reactions
of Perceived Role Discrepancy |
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台灣變遷社會中老人的家庭角色調適
及代間關係之初探
An exploratory study on role adjustment and intergenerational
relationships among the elderly in the changing
Taiwan
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陸洛
/ 陳欣宏 / 輔仁大學心理系 /
高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所
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Luo
Lu、Hsin-Hung Chen / Counseling & Department of
Psychology Kaohsiung Medical University
Fu-Jen Catholic University
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本研究之主要目的，乃企圖以變遷社會為背景，分析老人在家庭中對其角色的調適以及代間關係的主觀意念。研究者對22位年齡在63至85歲的社區居家老人進行了半結構式的深度訪談。結果發現經濟與健康兩者是老人在邁入老年後普遍最關心的問題。而老人對其家庭角色正向的看法主要來自其較豐富的經驗、對權威掌控的傳統觀念，以及自覺有幫助子代的能力。至於負向的態度則大多因為身體老化所引起的行動不便，以及對家庭貢獻減少，對家人依賴性增加而產生。至於老人對家庭角色轉變的調適可歸納為積極、正向以及消極、負向的調適，前者包括開放、接納、改變認知、及轉移注意力；後者主要是被迫接受、及失望放棄。在對代間關係的期望方面，老人對子代孝道表現的期望則大致維持傳統的形式，唯對「養兒防老」與居住的安排有其自認適合現代社會狀況的想法，然其健康情形是較顯著的影響因素。
關鍵詞︰代間關係、老年調適、家庭角色
作者簡介︰
陸 洛
英國牛津大學心理學博士（人格與社會心理學） / 輔仁大學心理系副教授
通訊處：（24205）台北縣新莊市中正路510號 輔仁大學心理系
台南師範學院初等教育系
電話：（02）29031111轉3812
傳真︰（02）29010171
E-mail：luolu@mails.fju.edu.tw
陳欣宏
高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士
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The main purpose of this study was to explore the
family role adjustment and intergenerational relationships
of the elderly in modern Taiwan. Semi-structured
in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 community
elderly aged between 63-85. Analysis revealed that
finance and health were the two focal concerns for
the old age. The positive attitudes towards family
roles were owing to their rich life experiences,
traditional values of authority, and assumed ability
to help the young； the negative attitudes were owing
to their increased disability caused by aging, reduced
contributions towards the family, and increased
dependence. Role adjustment efforts could be categorized
into active/positive and passive/negative ones.
The former included opening to and accepting changes,
cognitive restructuring, and diverting attention；
the latter included accepting with grievance, or
giving up. Regarding intergenerational relationships,
the elderly maintained their expectations of traditional
filial piety from the offspring. However, on the
issue of children's paying back, and that of living
arrangement, the elderly held somewhat liberal thoughts
deemed to be more adaptive in a modern society.
Nonetheless, health was a major influencing factor.
Keywords:intergenerational relationships,
old age adjustment, family roles |
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