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Skinner³o¦ì³ÌÁ¿¨D«ÈÆ[¡B¶q¤Æ»P¨ë¿E¡Ð¤ÏÀ³¨ç¼ÆÃö«Yªº¦æ¬°¥D¸q¤j®v¡A¤£¦ýn«Ø¥ß¤@³¡¦Û°Ê¤Æ±Ð¾Ç¾÷¾¹¡A¨Ã¥Bn¥H¦æ¬°¬ì§Þ¡]Behavioral
Technology¡^ªº±±¨î²z½×¥h«Ø¥ß¤@Ó¤µ¥Í¤µ¥@ªº¯Q¦«¨¹¤½ªÀ¡C¥Lªº¤k¨à¤pªº®ÉÔ¤£¥²½ÐBaby sitter¡]«O©i¡^¡A¦]¬°®aùئ³³]p§¹¬üªºSkinner
Box¡A¬J¦w¥þ¤S«O·Å¡A¦Ó¥B¦³¹w¥ý½Õ¦n¥¤¥Ä«~¨ýªºÁý¹¾÷¡A¨Ì¾Ú³¡¥÷¼W±j²z½×¦Ó¼gªºµ{¦¡¡A¨Ó°V½m¦o¬ü¦nªº¦æ¬°ªí²{¡C©Ò¥H¥H¹êÅ笰¥D¶bªº¤ß²z¾ÇªÌ¡A¥un¦³¤ß¡A«h¥ß¨è¥i¥H§â¥L¡]¦o¡^ªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªGÂà´«¦¨À³¥Îªº·Ç«h¡C
¨ä¹ê¡A¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô¡A¤ß²z¾Ç®aªº°^Äm¤£¤p¡Cª`·N¤Oªº¬ã¨s¡B¦Ù¯à¾Ç²ßªº¬ã¨s¡B»y¨¥¿ëÃѪº¬ã¨s¡B¦Û°Ê¤Æ»y¨¥Â½Ä¶¾÷ªº¬ã¨s¡B¤H¤u´¼¼z¤¤ªº¼Ä±¡¸Ñ½X¬ã¨sµ¥µ¥x¨ÆÀ³¥Îªº¬ã¨s¡A«Ø¥ß¤F²{¥Nªº»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¡C¤@ª½¨ì²{¦b¡ANATO¡]¥_¤j¦è¬v¤½¬ù¡^¤´µM¬Oª`·N»P¾Þ§@¡]Attention
and Performance¡^¬ã¨sªº³Ì«n¤ä§UªÌ¡CªÅx»P¤ÓªÅÁ`¸p¤]¾Ö¦³±j¤jªº¬ã¨s¸s¡A¥L̤£¦ý°µ«D±`°ò¦ªº²z½×«Øºc¡A¤]®É®É¨è¨èªºÃö¤ßµÛ²z½×»P¹ê»ÚÀ³¥Îªºµ²ªG¡C
»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¤@¦V³Q»{¬°¬O«D±`ªº¡u¹êÅç¡v¡A¤]Ãö¤ß¡u¶Â½c¤l¡v¸Ìªº§@·~µ{§Ç¡C¦ýDonald Normanªº¡m¤é±`¥Í¬¡ªº¤ß²z¾Ç¡n¤@®ÑÅýŪªÌ³£ª¾¹D»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Çªºµo²{¯uªº¥i¥H¬°¤HÌ¥h°£«Ü¦h¥Í¬¡¤Wªº¤£«K»PÂÕ»~¡C³o¥»®ÑÁ|¤F³\¦h¤é±`¥Í¬¡ªº¨Ò¤l¡A¤@¦A»¡©ú°ß¦³¾Ç²zªº°ò¦¡A¤~¯à«Ü²Ó¿°ªº¬Ý¨ì¡u¤H¡v¡u¾¹¡v¤Î¡u¤H¡v¡u¾÷¡v¤¶±¤§¶¡ªººØºØ°ÝÃD¡C
Skinner¤ÎNorman³o¨â¦ì¤ß²z¾Ç¤j®v¡A³£¬O¹êÅç¤ß²z¾Ç°ò¦¬ã¨sªºË³Ë³ªÌ¡A¦ý¥L̹ï¾Ç¥HP¥ÎªººA«×¡A«o¬O¨º¼Ë¦ÛµM¡A¨ä¼vÅT¤O¦Û¤£¦b¸Ü¤U¡Cªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¾\Ū¾úµ{ªº¼Ò¦¡¥ÑÂùy²z½×¨ì¥¦æ¤À°tªºÁpµ²»¡¡A¨äÅçÃÒªº¤è¦¡³£©M¸£¶Ë¯f¤H©Î¾\»Ù¨àµ£ªº»{ª¾¹B§@¦³Ãö¡C²z½×»PÀ³¥Îªº¬Û»²¬Û¦¨¦b¦¹¤@ÄýµLºÃ¡C©Ò¥H¤ß²z¾Çªº¬ã¨sªÌ¹ê¦b¤£¥²ÀE»Ë¥²¸ûªº¥h°Ï¤À°ò¦»PÀ³¥Î¬ã¨s¡C³Ì«nªºÁÙ¬O¬ã¨s«~½è¬O§_Àu¨}¡A¦b¸ÑŪ¦ÛÅܶµ»P¨ÌÅܶµ¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y®É¡A¬O§_©¿²¤¤F¨ä¥LÅܶµªº²V²c¡H
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¤u§@°O¾Ðªº¨î¦b¤H¦]¤ß²z¾Ç¤¤ªº·N²[
Human Factors Implications of Working Memory Limits
|
|
§õ¥ÉÖq
¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
|
Yuh-shiow
Lee / Department of Psychology
National Chung Cheng University
|
¥»¤å³Ì¥Dnªº¥Øªº¬O±´°Q¤u§@°O¾Ð®e¶qªº¨î¤Î»P¨ä¬ÛÃöªº¯S©Ê¦b¤H¦]¤ß²z¾Ç¤¤ªº·N²[¡C §@ªÌ´N¤u§@°O¾Ðªº¥|Ó¥Dn¯S©Ê¨Ó°Q½×³oÓ°ÝÃD¡G¡]1¡^¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®e¶q¦³¡F¡]2¡^§Q¥Î²Õ¶ô¥i¥H¼W¥[¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®e¶q¡F¡]3¡^°T®§«O¯d¦b¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®É¶¡µu¼È¡F¡]4¡^Àx¦s¦b¤u§@°O¾Ð¤¤ªº½s½XY¬Û¦P¡A·|³y¦¨¤zÂZ¡C
¤u§@°O¾Ð¬JµM¬O©Ò¦³¸û½ÆÂø»{ª¾§@·~ªº¡u¤u§@¥¥x¡v¡A¦b³]p¨t²Î©Î§@·~®É´X¥G³£¥²¶·¦Ò¼{¨ì¥H¤Wªº´XÓ¯SÂI¡A¥H¹F¨ì´£°ª¤u§@®Ä²v¡B´î§C¿ù»~µo¥Íªº¥Øªº¡C
ÃöÁäµü¡J¤u§@°O¾Ð¡B¤H¦]¤ß²z¾Ç¡B¤H¦]¤uµ{¡B°O¾Ð®e¶q¡Bµu´Á°O¾Ð
§@ªÌ²¤¶¡J
§õ¥ÉÖq
¬ü°ê¯Ã¬ù¦{¥ß¤j¾Ç¥Û·Ë¤À®Õõ¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¡^ / ¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]621¡^¹Å¸q¿¤¥Á¶¯¶m¤T¿³§ø160¸¹ ¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]05¡^2720411Âà6090 ¶Ç¯u¡]05¡^2720857
E-mail¡Gpsyysl@ccunix.ccu.edu.tw |
The main purpose of this article was to discuss
human factors implications of working memory capacity
limits and other related characteristics. Four main
characteristics of working memory and their relationship
to the system and task design were reviewed; (1)The
capacity of working memory is limited; (2)Working
memory capacity can be expanded through chunking;
(3)Without rehearsal, information will disappear
quickly from working memory; (4)Storing the same
or similar codes in working memory will cause code
interference. Working memory has been considered
a workbench for many complex cognitive tasks. To
facilitate efficiency and reduce errors in the process
of human system interaction, it is crucial to take
the above-mentioned characteristics of working memory
into account when designing a system or task for
human use.
Keywords: working memory, human factors psychology,
memory capacity, short-term memory |
|
|
¥h°£«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~:¦CÁ|²z¥Ñµ{§ÇªºÀ³¥Î
Debiasing Hindsight Bias: An Application of the
Reason-Generation Procedure
|
|
±i¹ÅÂz
¤¤ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
§õ¥É´f ¤¤ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
|
Chia-Pi
Chang / Department of Psychology Chung Yuan University
Ju-Whei Lee / Department of Psychology Chung Yuan
University
|
¥»¬ã¨sªº¥Dn¥Øªº¬Oµý¹ê¦CÁ|²z¥Ñµ{§Ç¬°¤@ºØ¥h°£«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~ªºµ{§Ç¡A°£¤F¾A¥Î©ó¤@¯ë©Êªº±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD¤§¥~¡A¤]¾A¥Î©ó¯u¹êªº¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¡C¹êÅç±Ä¥Î¤@Ó2¡]°ÝÃD«¬ºAÅܶµ¡G¤@¯ë©Ê±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD/¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¡^x
3¡]¦CÁ|²z¥ÑÅܶµ¡G¦CÁ|¤ä«ù²z¥Ñ/¦CÁ|¤Ï»é²z¥Ñ/¤£¼g²z¥Ñ¡^ªº²V¦X¹êÅç³]p¡A¹êÅçµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡G¦CÁ|²z¥Ñµ{§Çªº½T¥i¥H¦P®É¾A¥Î©ó±`ÃÑ©Ê°ÝÃD¥H¤Î¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¤W¡A¦ý¬O¥u¦³¦CÁ|¤Ï»é²z¥Ñ¤~¯à¦³®Ä¦a´î¤Ö«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~¡A¦CÁ|¤ä«ù²z¥Ñ«h¤£¯à¡C
ÃöÁä¦r¡G«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~¡B¥h°¾»~µ{§Ç¡B¦CÁ|²z¥Ñ¡B¤@¯ë©Ê±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD¡B¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó
§@ªÌ²¤¶¡G
±i¹ÅÂz
¤¤ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¾ÇºÓ¤h
Email¡Gleslie@giga.net.tw
§õ¥É´f
¬ü°ê±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¡B§PÂ_»P¨Mµ¦¡^ / ¤¤ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]320¡^®ç¶é¿¤¤¤Ãc¥«´¶©¾¨½´¶¤¯22¸¹ ¤¤ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]03¡^4563171Âà3410 ¶Ç¯u¡]03¡^4372089
E-mail¡Gjwlee@mbox.cycu.edu.tw |
The main purpose of the present study is to confirm
that the procedure of reason generation, previously
adopted to reduce hindsight bias in general-knowledge
questions, is applicable to future events. A 2 (question
type: general-knowledge questions/future events)
x 3 (reason type: pro/con/no reason) mixed factorial
design is employed in the present study. The results
show that the procedure of reason generation is
applicable not only to general knowledge questions
but also to future events. However, only the generation
of the con reason can effectively reduce hindsight
bias. The generation of the pro reason has no such
effect.
Keywords:hindsight bias, debiasing procedure,
reason generation, general-knowledge questions,
future events |
|
|
¸¯è¦w¥þ¡Gª¾Ä±»Pª`·N¤O¬ã¨sªºÀ³¥Î
Aviation Safety: Applications of Basic Research
on Perception and Attention
|
|
§õ¡@·Ô
¤W®üªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|ªÀ·|¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò
|
Yei-Yu
Yeh / Department of Psychology
National Taiwan University
|
¥»¤åªº¥Dn¥Øªº¬O¤¶²Ðª¾Ä±»Pª`·N¤Oªº¨î¦b¯èªÅ»â°ìªº·N²[¡A¤Î¨ä¦p¦ó¥i³QÀ³¥Î©ó¨t²Î³]p¡B¸¦æûºÂ¿ï¡B»P¸¦æû°V½m¡C¥H¥Øµø¸¦æ¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b³\¦h±¡¹Ò¸Ì¡Aµøı®e©ö¨ü¨ë¿E¯ßµ¸ªº¼vÅT¦Ó²£¥Í¿ùı¡A¾ÉP¸¦æû°µ¥X¿ù»~ªº§PÂ_¡C¥H»öªí¸¦æ¦Ó¨¥¡A»öªíªº³]pÀ³¦Ò¶q¤HÃþµøıªº¯à¤O»P¨î¡A¥H´£¨Ñ³Ì¨Îªº°T®§µ¹¸¦æû¡C»öªíª©±ªº³]p¤]À³°w¹ï¤£¦P§@·~¯ßµ¸ªº¦Ò¶q¡A§Q¥Îª¾Ä±ªº¯S¼x¨Ó§e²{°T®§¡A§ó¤£¥i©¿²¤¤£¦Pª©±ªº³]p¦b¬Y¨Ç§@·~¸Ì¥i¯à³y¦¨§PÂ_ªº§xÃø¡C°£¤Fª¾Ä±ªº¨î¡A¨t²Î³]pªÌ¤]»Ý¯d·Nª`·N¤O¨îªº·N²[¡A§Q¥Î¤£¦Pªº¤è¦¡´£¿ô¸¦æû¡A¥HÁקK¿ï¾Ü©Î¶°¤¤ª`·N®Éªº¨î¡A¥H¤£¦P·P©x³q¹D»P¤¶±³]p¨Ó°§C¸¦æû°õ¦æ¦h«§@·~®Éªº¤ß´¼t²ü¡C¦¹¥~¡A¸¦æûªººÂ¿ï»P°V½m³£À³¦Ò¶qª¾Ä±»Pª`·N¤Oªº¨î¡A¥HºÂ¿ï¥XÀu¨qªº¸¦æû¡A¨Ã¦w±Æ¸g¹L¯S§O³]pªº°V½m½Òµ{¡A¨Ï¸¦æû¯à²ß±o¾A©yªºª`·N¤O¤À°t»P±±¨î¡C
ÃöÁäµü¡J¤H¦]¤uµ{¡B¯èªÅ¦w¥þ¡Bª¾Ä±¡Bª`·N¤O
§@ªÌ²¤¶¡J
¸©É¥É
¬ü°ê¥ì§Q¿Õ¤j¾Ç»Âb¤À®Õ¹êÅç»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h / ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]106¡^¥x¥_¥«Ã¹´µºÖ¸ô¥|¬q1¸¹ ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]02¡^23630231Âà2374Âà7311 ¶Ç¯u¡]02¡^23659798
E-mail¡Gyyy@ccms.ntu.edu |
Limitations on vision, perception, and attention
represent major bottleneck in information processing
and decision making. In this introductory article,
illusions and perceptual misjudgments in various
aviation contexts are described. Human factors issues
in display design are then discussed with emphasis
on the applications of basic vision and perception
research. Examples are illustrated to demonstrate
how basic research can be applied to the development
of avionic displays and display formats. Whereas
perceptual characteristics such as gestalt organization
can be implemented in object display format, attention-related
issues are also important in the design of display
format. Through these examples, the contribution
of basic research to system design, pilot selection,
and pilot training is highlighted.
Keywords: human factors, aviation safety,
perception, attention |
|
|
¦â±mµøıªº¤T¦â½×¤Î¨äÀ³¥Î
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision and its Applications
|
|
¸¯À¬Â
¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
³¯¤@¥ ¶§©ú¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ß
|
Su-Ling
Yeh / Department of Psychology National Taiwan
University
I-Ping Chen / Center of General Education National
Yang-Ming University
|
¹ï¨ã¦³¥¿±`¦â±mµøıªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A Y¯à¾A·í¿ï©w¤TºØ¦â¥ú¡A¨Ã½Õ¾ã¨ä¦U¦Ûªº±j«×«K¥i¥H²V¦¨¦UºØÃC¦â¡C¦¹ºØ¥²¶·n¤T¦â¤è¯à¹F¦¨°t¹ïªº¤ß²zª«²z¹êÅç¡A¥iÂǥѼƾǦ¡ªº±À¾É¦Óª¾§^¤H¤º¦b³B²z¨t²Îªº¼Æ¥Ø¥²¬°¤T¡C¥»¤å¤¶²Ð¦â±mªº¥\¯à¡B¦â±m¬ã¨sªº¯S¦â¡A¨Ã¥H¦â±m°t¹ï¹êÅç¸Ñ»¡¤T¦â²z½×¡]trichromatic
theory¡^ªºì²z¥H¤Î¨ä¦b¶q´ú»PÅã¦â¨t²Î¤è±ªºÀ³¥Î¡C¾A¤Á¦aÁA¸Ñ¤T¦â½×ªº°ò¥»ì²z±N¦³§U©ó¹ï¦â±mÀ³¥Îªº¥¿½T»{ÃÑ¡A¥H¤Îºt¦â§Þ³Nªº¬ð¯}»P³Ð·s¡C
ÃöÁäµü¡G¤T¦â½×¡B¦â±m°t¹ï¡B°ê»Ú·Ó©ú¨ó·|¡B¦â±m¹Ï
§@ªÌ²¤¶¡J
¸¯À¬Â
¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬f§JµÜ¤À®Õ¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç²Õ¡^ / ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]106¡^¥x¥_¥«Ã¹´µºÖ¸ô¥|¬q1¸¹ ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]02¡^3670833 ¡]02¡^23670794 ¶Ç¯u¡]02¡^23629909
E-mail¡Jsuling@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
³¯¤@¥
¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬f§JµÜ¤À®Õ¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]¥Íª«¤ß²z¾Ç²Õ¡^ / ¶§©ú¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ß°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]112¡^¥x¥_¥«¥ß¹Aµó¤G¬q155¸¹ ¶§©ú¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ß
¹q ¸Ü¡]02¡^28267245 ¶Ç ¯u¡]02¡^28204903
E-mail¡Jipchen@ym.edu.tw |
Various colors can be obtained by mixing three appropriately
chosen chromatic lights. Such color matching experiments
had been taken as strong evidence to support the
trichromatic color vision theory. The function of
color vision, the diversity of color vision research,
and the mathematical expressions of trichromatic
theory and its applications are explained in this
article. Links between the fundamental principles
of the trichromatic theory and various color applications
are also stressed in the text.
Keywords: trichromatic theory, color matching,
CIE, chromaticity diagram |
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µøª¾Ä±¹êÅ窺Åã¥Ü¾¹{º¿®Õ¥¿¡G²z½×»P¹ê°È
Gamma Correction for Monitors Used in Psychological
Experiments
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I-Ping
Chen / Center for General Education National Yang-Ming
University
Su-Ling Yeh / Department of Psychology National
Taiwan University
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Åã¥Ü¾¹¬O¤j¦h¼Æ¤ß²z¾Ç¹êÅç©Ò±Ä¥Îªº¨ë¿E§e¥Ü¾¹¡]stimulus display¡^¡CµM¦Ó¨ä¿é¥X±j«×»Pµ{¦¡¤Hû©Ò«ü©wªº¹qÀ£¿é¤JȤ§¶¡ªºÃö«Y«o¬O«D½u©Êªº¡A³oÓ²{¶H·|ÄY«¼vÅT¥H¨ë¿Eªº±j«×©Î¹ï¤ñȬ°¹êÅçÅܶµªº¹êÅçµ²ªG¡C¦b¤uµ{¬É±N¦UºØÁB¥¿¦¹«D½u©Ê¦æ¬°ªº±¹¬IºÙ¬°{º¿®Õ¥¿¡C¥»¤å¸Ñ»¡¤FÅã¥Ü¾¹ªº«D½u©Ê¦æ¬°ªº²£¥Íì¦]¡A¥H¤Î¦p¦ó¥H³nÅé¤â¬q¤©¥Hºë±KÁB¥¿ªº¤èªk¡C¹ê»Ú°µ¿Ã¹õ®Õ¥¿¤u§@®É©Ò»Ýªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡¥ç¥H¥i¥Ñºô¸ô¤U¸üªº¤è¦¡´£¨Ñ¦³¦¹»Ýnªº¤H¤h¨Ï¥Î¡C
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E-mail¡Jipchen@ym.edu.tw
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E-mail¡Jsuling@ccms.ntu.edu.tw |
Color monitors are widely used by experimental psychologists
as a major visual display device. There is an inherent
nonlinear output property of the monitor that can
greatly affect the results of experiments where
the intensity level or contrast of the stimuli is
of any significance. Measures taken to ameliorate
this problem have been generally called "Gamma correction"
in engineering fields. The physical cause of such
nonlinearity, together with the correction procedures
by software to the precision for experimental purposes
are discussed in this article. Downloadable software
tools and instructions are also provided.
Keywords: Monitor, Gamma correction, video
memory, color palette, color lookup table |
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