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價
值
觀
的
形
成
與
變
遷
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王叢桂 主編
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價值觀的研究一直是社會學與社會心理學等社會科學研究者的研究重點，正如同態度是早年社會心理學的研究核心，美國社會心理學大師Rokeach
也認為「價值概念比其他概念更應該佔有核心的位置」。在他的價值理論建構中，將價值視為文化、社會與人格的依變項，以及態度與行為的自變項；他認為要瞭解與預測一個地區人們的行為，必須瞭解其價值。過去三十多年來，價值觀的研究者們也一直努力在建構能測量個體價值體系的衡鑑工具，並且尋找影響價值的因素與瞭解價值如何影響人們的行為。
然而價值觀的研究一直存在著一些問題，如同李伯英教授在本專題〈評價歷程的理論與測量〉一文中所指出，價值究竟是跨情境的或是具有情境特殊性的特質？西方研究者如Rokeach等人傾向於定義價值為穩定的與跨情境的一般性格特質，但是他們忽略了人們運用價值判斷（valuation）是發生在各個生活具體場域之中，在不同的時空環境下，面對不同的議題，例如核能或是墮胎，個人所具有的價值系統中的各個價值相關性與重要性，或是各項價值喚起的容易度等之異同，皆會影響價值與行為的關聯度，以及價值量表預測人們在具體生活中行為的效度。李柏英的論文就價值發生作用的歷程與價值喚起的理論與測量上提供了重要的貢獻。
另一個問題是研究者應著重尋求普遍性（universal）價值或具文化特色的價值？研究者是否能夠建立普遍性的價值理論與工具，用來描述與衡鑑各文化中的個體？王叢桂認為價值是主客觀互動之產物，每個文化有其特定的歷史與社會背景，因此各個文化中的個體有其特殊性價值體系存在，各個文化區域的研究者，應該先自本身的社會與文化情境了解其本土價值觀，而後透過各文化的價值觀的比較研究，尋求各文化價值的獨特性與共通性，以及社會變遷對價值融合或歧異性發展的可能影響。因此他根據訪談台灣社會各世代工作者的工作價值觀，並參考國內外學者的價值量表，自編本土工作價值量表，進行了一系列的研究，本專題刊出以男性中小企業主及一般職業工作者子女為對象，所進行之影響工作價值觀傳遞因素之比較研究。本專題的第三篇文章，則是大陸學者寇彧參考Kohlberg的道德發展概念，編製了適合大陸青少年品德發展狀況的量表，並以不同年齡層的學生進行價值觀的比較，發現道德判斷和價值取向的發展與其影響原確有對應之關係。
華人社會從事價值研究的學者不多，大多數學者都是將價值視為研究中的一個變項，本專題僅能拋磚引玉地呈現這三篇研究論文。不過這三篇論文分別以英國、台灣以及大陸北京的學生為對象進行研究，讀者或許可以自內文中發現一些受到跨文化重視的價值觀，也有一些較能彰顯地區文化特色的價值觀。由於人們不斷地在生活情境脈胳（如學校、家庭、工作與人際交往）中進行價值評斷與表達價值，正如Rokeach所言，瞭解個體與文化在各個情境中作價值判斷的差異及其如何影響行為，是研究者的責任，就心理學者而言，編製能描述分析日常生活行為的工具與解釋為何價值在這些情境中被喚起使用更是責無旁貸，更何況良好的測量工具與研究方法對工商與諮商、臨床等應用領域都有重要的實用意義。
（撰稿人：王叢桂，東吳大學心理系教授及本刊執行編輯） 回上一頁 |
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青少年道德判斷、價值取向發展
及其與道德觀念影響源之關係（1）
The Developments of Adolescents' Moral Judgment,
Value Orientation and Their Relations to Sources
of Influence on Moral Thought
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寇
彧 / 北京師範大學心理系
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Yu
Kou / Department of Psychology Beijing Normal
University
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我們修訂和編製了適合中國大陸青少年品德發展狀況的測查工具SRM-SF、VTS和MAS，信度和效度令人滿意並易於操作。對186名青少年的測查結果表明，道德判斷和價值取向的發展與其影響源具有對應關係：10-12歲小學生和14-15歲初中生的道德判斷處於不成熟水平，對應於家庭影響源和教育者影響源；16-17歲高中生和20-23歲大學生的道德判斷已達成熟水平，對應於社會的和諧幸福和尊嚴與公正影響源；中小學生道德觀念影響源權威主要是家庭、同伴和教育者媒介；大學生道德觀念影響源權威是社會的和諧幸福和尊嚴與公正。個人主義--接受權威、需要表達--接受權威、平等--接受權威等價值取向在同一個體身上會因為不同年齡階段而發生互動和分化，表現為從注重服從權威到注重平等、公正；從強調個人利益到關心他人與自己的關係，再到看重自我需要和自身發展。接受權威價值取向的解體從小學畢業時發生；平等取向在小學生身上就有很強反映。影響源權威作為個體品德發展的外在動力因素與個體的認知水平一起推動著品德發展。青少年品德形成和發展的機制與其家庭結構變數--凝聚力、適應性、溝通模式有極密切的關係。
關鍵詞︰青少年、道德判斷、價值取向、道德觀念影響源
作者簡介︰
寇 彧
北京師範大學博士（發展與教育心理學）/ 北京師範大學心理學系副教授 授
通訊處:（100875）北京市海澱區新街口外大街19號 北京師範大學心理系
電話：（010）62208187
傳真：（010）62200349
E-mail：xiaojie@bnu.edu.cn
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We examined the correlates of the development
of Chinese adolescents' sources of influence on
moral thought with their moral judgment, and with
their value orientation. The SRM-SF (Sociomoral
Reflection Measure-Short Form), MAS (Moral Authority
Scale), VTS (Values Test Scale) were revised according
to the culture background and educational ways
of Chinese adolescents and then were administered
to 186 participants. The results showed that:
(1) Test-retest reliability and internal consistency
of SRM-SF, VTS and MAS subscales are appropriately
high; and the instruments are also suitable to
test Chinese adolescents' moral development. (2)
10-12 and 13-15 years children are immaturity
on their moral judgment, but 16-17 and 20-23 years
students show their maturity. We found that 16-17
is critical period of ages for moral judgment
developing into maturity. There is no significant
gender difference of moral judgment among the
sum simples except among primary school children.
However this priority disappears when the children
get into middle schools. (3) Main sources of influence
on moral thought for Chinese adolescents are family,
peer groups and educators, but dignity/justice
and self-interest replace them for university
students. The different levels of moral judgment
and the adolescents' value-orientations are indeed
dominated by the perceived sources of influence
on moral thought. (4) Individualism-Authoritarism,
Equalitarism-Authoritarism and Based needs-Authoritarism
impact and split up each other in different stage
of the age and situation. The adolescents in our
samples think more highly of adapting themselves
to circumstances and obeying authority, they pay
little attention to expressing of their need and
individualism. Their Authoritarism Orientation
is disintegrated when they are in the high grade
of primary school.
Keywords: adolescent, moral judgment,
value-orientation, sources of influence on moral
thought
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評價歷程的理論與測量：
探討價值觀與情境關聯的新取向(1)
Theory and Measurement on Valuation：New Approach
to Explore the Relationship between Values and
Situations
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李柏英
/ 朝陽科技大學財務金融金系
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Po
Ying Lee / Department of Finance Chao-Yang University
of Technology
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以往眾多探討價值觀與其它變項之關係的研究採用Rokeach的研究架構，此架構認定價值觀乃是超越情境的信念，因此只測量價值觀的超情境重要性，但是價值觀與其它變項之間的關係卻無法由這項測量值直接得知，必須經由與該變項作組間比較或相關分析，才能找到一些能夠區分該變項的價值觀，然而這些價值觀與該變項的關係常是模糊不清或難以理解。
為了解決這個問題，本研究回顧李柏英（Lee,1996）所提出的評價歷程理論，該理論透過評價歷程將價值觀與情境作聯結。該理論認為﹕在評價某一情境時，相關價值觀會被激發為受益價值觀或受損價值觀，而個人對該情境的態度則決定於這兩類價值觀重要性比較的結果。本研究再根據這套理論，將Rokeach
Value Survey（Rokeach, 1973）及Schwartz（1987）的價值觀量表合併、修訂，發展出一套測量評價歷程的方法。然後將此測量方法用來研究英國受試者對核子武器及墮胎這兩項議題的評價歷程，以及其評價結果與態度之間的關係。
研究結果顯示﹕各項資料都充分支持本究研所提出的各項假設。因此，整體而言，本研究提供了一套新的研究架構來探討價值觀與其它變項之間的關係。
關鍵字：價值觀、價值觀系統、評價歷程、價值觀與態度、Rokeach 價值觀調查量表
作者簡介：
李柏英
英國倫敦大學心理學博士 / 朝陽科技大學財務金融系助理教授
通訊處：（413）台中縣霧峰鄉吉峰東路168號 朝陽科技大學財務金融系
電話：（04）23323000轉4495
傳真：（04）23742333
E-mail：pylee@mail.cyut.edu.tw
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Many studies which on the relationship between
values and other variables adapted Rokeach's（1973）
approach, which assumed that values are guiding
principles across all situations, therefore, only
the transituational importance of each values was
measured in this approach. However, the relationship
between values and the given variable can not be
revealed directly. The comparisons between groups
or correlation analyses were the only way to find
out some values which can differentiate the given
variable. Nevertheless, the relationship between
these values and the given variable remained ambiguous
and hard to be interpreted. To solve these problems,
this study reviewed an valuation theory, proposed
by Lee （1996）, which connects values with situations
through valuations. It proposes that the relevant
values are activated as reward or cost values in
each specific situation, and a person's attitude
toward the situation is determined by the resultant
trade-off importance of these two kind of activated
values. According to this theory, the Rokeach Value
Survey （Rokeach, 1973） and Schwartz's （1987） value
questionnaire were combined and modified to measure
three valuation elements which included the activated
status, affective status （as reward or cost values）
and activated importance of a value. The measurement
procedure was then applied to study British subjects'
valuations and attitudes about nuclear weapons and
about abortion. The relationship between valuations
and attitudes resulted from this study supported
the valuation theory fully. Thus, this research
provides a theoretical framework and a new way to
investigate a person's valuation about a situation
and thereby many other value-related variables.
Keywords: human values, value system, valuation,
value and attitude, Rokeach Value Survey |
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影響工作價值觀傳遞之因素：男性中小企業主及一般職業工作者子女之比較
The Linkage of Work Values between Generations:
A Comparison Study on Work Values of Small Firm
Owners' and Ordinary Workpeople's Children
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王叢桂
/ 東吳大學心理系
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Chung-Kwei
Wang / Department of Psycholog Soochow University
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本研究的目的在驗證職業類型、子女的角色認知與親子關係等因素是否會影響世代間工作價值的傳遞。首先，在職業類型因素方面，由於中小企業的創設對台灣地區的工作型態與工作價值有相當大的影響，本研究希望瞭解中小企業主與一般職業工作者的下一代在工作價值上是否有差異？在研究的第二部分，研究者分別以中小企業主及一般職業工作者為對象，分析影響世代間的工作目的價值傳遞的因素，由於傳統父子軸型的社會有重視角色義務與父子情感疏離的特性，本研究將驗證這些特性是否會使性別、性別角色期望及父子關係與子女對父親的敬愛認同等因素影響到世代間價值觀的傳遞？研究者以479位在學大學生為對象進行調查。研究結果顯示：中小企業主與一般職業工作者的子女在工作價值上有差異存在。子女對父親工作價值的評價與子女對自我工作價值的評價的迴歸分析結果則顯示：中小企業主與一般職業工作者的子女價值觀皆受到父親價值觀的影響；一般職業工作者親子關係良窳會調節各項工作目的價值的傳遞，對父親敬愛認同程度會增強父親的內在酬賞及顧家與平安和諧等價值的傳遞。性別會調節中小企業主的顧家與平安和諧價值及一般職業工作者的集體利益價值的世代間傳遞。性別角色信念則對中小企業主的外在酬賞及顧家與平安和諧兩項價值的傳遞有調節作用。
關鍵詞︰工作價值、中小企業主、父子關係、敬愛認同、性別角色
作者簡介︰
莊景同
輔仁大學心理學研究所碩士 / 交通大學諮商中心諮商老師
通訊處︰（300）新竹市大學路1001號 交通大學諮商中心
電話︰（035）712121轉51308
傳真︰（035）720886
E-mail︰ctong@cc.nctu.edu.tw |
The purpose of this study is to examine effects
of father's occupational type, father/children relationships
and children's gender as well as sex-role related
beliefs on the socialization of children's work
values. It is hypothesized that the personality
traits and work experiences of small firm owners
would make their work values different from work
values of ordinary workers. Father's work values
may then influence children's value orientation
through identification and family socialization
process. The author also hypothesized that factors
such as father and children relationships, respect
and identification with father, children's gender
and sex-role beliefs might moderate the socialization
of work values between fathers and their children.
Four hundreds and seventy nine students from small
firm owners or ordinary workers families were recruited
based on their registration information of a private
university. The survey results suggested that children's
work values were different from that of their fathers.
However, fathers' work values influenced their children's
work values directly. Small firm owners' children
were more emphasized on extrinsic reward than did
ordinary workers' children. For ordinary workers'
children, the quality of father and children's relation
moderated the linkage between all four factors of
fathers and children's work terminal values except
intrinsic values. Identification with father also
moderated the effect of father's intrinsic and family
raising as well as peace/harmony work values. Children's
gender only moderated the relationship between collective
values of father and son. For small firm owners'
children, gender moderated the transition of fathers'
extrinsic and family raising as well as peace/harmony
values. Small firms owners' children who had equality
of sex-role beliefs were more resisted to their
fathers' extrinsic and family raising as well as
peace/harmony values.
Keywords: work values, small firm owner, father/children
relationships, respect and identification with father,
sex-role beliefs, parenthood beliefs |
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